| Scientific Name | Sialia sialis |
| Category | D |
| Taxon | Birds |
| Climate Change Vulnerability Score | Less Vulnerable |
The Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis) is a medium-small bird (16-21 cm [6-8 in] long; 28-32 g [1-1.1 oz]) with a round belly and head. Males are bright blue on the tail, wing, back, and head; rusty on the breast and sides; and white below. Females are grayish above with blue on the tail and wings and an orange wash on the breast. It catches insects on the ground in open country near trees. It ranges across the eastern US and breeds in southeastern and south-central New Mexico. The Eastern Bluebird will experience a high degree of climate exposure and has a high adaptive capacity. Overall, it has a Climate Change Vulnerability Index ranking of Less Vulnerable under both Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and RCP 8.5 Scenarios. The Eastern Bluebird’s climate change vulnerability is impacted by factors related to movement and life history, which influence its ability to shift in space and persist in place.
Ecoregions
Habitats
Threats and Conservation Actions
Result for:
All
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
As needed, gather additional information regarding the distribution of tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) and other exotic plants in riparian habitats (e.g., NHNM 2023). Determine the impact of exotic plants, and their removal and reduction, on SGCN and their habitats. Create and implement site-specific plans, with measurable goals and objectives, to restore the historic structure and composition of riparian habitats while minimizing negative impacts on SGCN and soil health (Wagner 2023). Prioritize removal of monoculture stands of non-native plants (e.g., Johnson et al. 2018) and ensure that sufficient native riparian vegetation is locally available to SGCN and that local hydrological conditions support native vegetation regrowth. Since pollinating insects may use exotic riparian plants (e.g., Pendleton et al. 2011), minimize impacts of removing these plants on pollinating insect SGCN, including by avoiding herbicide application when plants are in bloom and treating the focal area in stages. Include post-implementation monitoring and maintenance for all riparian restoration projects. Document and report restoration approaches used, including successes and failures (Shafroth et al. 2008, Sogge et al. 2013). Potential collaborators: BLM, BOR, NPS, NRCS, USACE, USFS, USFWS, NMDA, SFD, SLO, SWCDs, universities, non-profit organizations, private landowners.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Pollution
Transportation and Service Corridors
Assess the synergistic effects between climate change and other threats to SGCN and their habitats (e.g., Friggens et al. 2019, Parks et al. 2019). Incorporate appropriate climate adaptation strategies and frameworks into projects designed to address these synergistic effects. This may include enhancing connectivity (CEQ 2023), facilitating a species’ innate adaptive capacity (Thurman et al. 2022), enhancing genetic diversity (Powell 2023), considering local adaptation (Meek et al. 2023), or considering whether it is most appropriate to resist, accept, or direct ecosystem transformation (Lynch et al. 2021, Stevens et al. 2021). Projects should acknowledge ecosystem dynamism and incorporate indigenous knowledge (e.g., Roos et al. 2022, Eisenberg et al. 2024), nature-based solutions (Warnell et al. 2023), and experimentation (Guiterman et al. 2022) when appropriate. Potential collaborators: BLM, NPS, USFS, USFWS, USGS, universities, Tribal natural-resource managers.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Pollution
Transportation and Service Corridors
Assess the synergistic effects between climate change and other threats to SGCN and their habitats (e.g., Friggens et al. 2019, Parks et al. 2019). Incorporate appropriate climate adaptation strategies and frameworks into projects designed to address these synergistic effects. This may include enhancing connectivity (CEQ 2023), facilitating a species’ innate adaptive capacity (Thurman et al. 2022), enhancing genetic diversity (Powell 2023), considering local adaptation (Meek et al. 2023), or considering whether it is most appropriate to resist, accept, or direct ecosystem transformation (Lynch et al. 2021, Stevens et al. 2021). Projects should acknowledge ecosystem dynamism and incorporate indigenous knowledge (e.g., Roos et al. 2022, Eisenberg et al. 2024), nature-based solutions (Warnell et al. 2023), and experimentation (Guiterman et al. 2022) when appropriate. Potential collaborators: BLM, NPS, USFS, USFWS, USGS, universities, Tribal natural-resource managers.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Pollution
Transportation and Service Corridors
Assess the synergistic effects between climate change and other threats to SGCN and their habitats (e.g., Friggens et al. 2019, Parks et al. 2019). Incorporate appropriate climate adaptation strategies and frameworks into projects designed to address these synergistic effects. This may include enhancing connectivity (CEQ 2023), facilitating a species’ innate adaptive capacity (Thurman et al. 2022), enhancing genetic diversity (Powell 2023), considering local adaptation (Meek et al. 2023), or considering whether it is most appropriate to resist, accept, or direct ecosystem transformation (Lynch et al. 2021, Stevens et al. 2021). Projects should acknowledge ecosystem dynamism and incorporate indigenous knowledge (e.g., Roos et al. 2022, Eisenberg et al. 2024), nature-based solutions (Warnell et al. 2023), and experimentation (Guiterman et al. 2022) when appropriate. Potential collaborators: BLM, NPS, USFS, USFWS, USGS, universities, Tribal natural-resource managers.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Pollution
Transportation and Service Corridors
Assess the synergistic effects between climate change and other threats to SGCN and their habitats (e.g., Friggens et al. 2019, Parks et al. 2019). Incorporate appropriate climate adaptation strategies and frameworks into projects designed to address these synergistic effects. This may include enhancing connectivity (CEQ 2023), facilitating a species’ innate adaptive capacity (Thurman et al. 2022), enhancing genetic diversity (Powell 2023), considering local adaptation (Meek et al. 2023), or considering whether it is most appropriate to resist, accept, or direct ecosystem transformation (Lynch et al. 2021, Stevens et al. 2021). Projects should acknowledge ecosystem dynamism and incorporate indigenous knowledge (e.g., Roos et al. 2022, Eisenberg et al. 2024), nature-based solutions (Warnell et al. 2023), and experimentation (Guiterman et al. 2022) when appropriate. Potential collaborators: BLM, NPS, USFS, USFWS, USGS, universities, Tribal natural-resource managers.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Pollution
Transportation and Service Corridors
Collaborate with interested and willing land managers and private landowners to designate protected areas or implement conservation easements for lands that encompass important SGCN habitats. Potential collaborators: BLM, NPS, NRCS, USFS, USFWS, SLO, non-profit organizations, private landowners.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Pollution
Transportation and Service Corridors
Collaborate with interested and willing land managers and private landowners to designate protected areas or implement conservation easements for lands that encompass important SGCN habitats. Potential collaborators: BLM, NPS, NRCS, USFS, USFWS, SLO, non-profit organizations, private landowners.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Pollution
Transportation and Service Corridors
Collaborate with interested and willing land managers and private landowners to designate protected areas or implement conservation easements for lands that encompass important SGCN habitats. Potential collaborators: BLM, NPS, NRCS, USFS, USFWS, SLO, non-profit organizations, private landowners.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Pollution
Transportation and Service Corridors
Collaborate with interested and willing land managers and private landowners to designate protected areas or implement conservation easements for lands that encompass important SGCN habitats. Potential collaborators: BLM, NPS, NRCS, USFS, USFWS, SLO, non-profit organizations, private landowners.
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Consider the impact of honeybee (Apis spp.) apiaries on wildlands and restrict their placement in areas where native bee SGCN occur. Honeybees can pose a disease spillover risk for wild bees (Tehel et al. 2016). Potential collaborators: universities, non-profit organizations, private landowners.
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Continue current efforts to prevent the infestation of aquatic habitats in New Mexico by zebra (Dreissena polymorpha) and quagga mussels (D. bugensis) and other aquatic invasive species. This includes informing anglers and boaters on the importance of not introducing invasive and other problematic species and providing them with information on how to prevent the spread of aquatic invasive species. Potential collaborators: BLM, BOR, USACE, USFS, NMED, NMSP, universities, non-profit organizations.
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Design and implement protocols for early detection of invasive and problematic species, including feral ungulates, and diseases. Quickly respond to detection. Potential collaborators: BLM, NPS, NRCS, USFS, USFWS, NMDA, NMED, SLO, universities, private landowners.
Pollution
Determine effects of, and implement actions to mitigate negative effects from, agro- (e.g., neonicotinoids, other pesticides) (Sanchez-Bayo 2021, EPA 2023) and petrochemicals, synthetic chemicals (e.g., per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances [PFAS]), microplastics, urban runoff, and other pollutants (e.g., sewage, nutrients, toxic chemicals, sediment) on SGCN, especially fish and pollinating insects, and their habitats. This includes solid waste that may entangle wildlife. Potential collaborators: EPA, NMDA, NMED, universities, local governments, municipalities, private industry.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Determine how regional and global climate change will affect SGCN, vegetation patterns (e.g., Davis et al. 2019, Coop et al. 2020, Guiterman et al. 2022, Davis et al. 2023), and community (e.g., Rosenblad et al. 2023) and ecosystem processes and dynamics, including disturbance regimes. This includes identifying SGCN (e.g., Glick et al. 2011) and associated habitats that are most likely to be negatively affected by climate change, including impacts on travel corridors, habitat connectivity, and species and habitat ranges. Identification of environmental conditions or thresholds that could limit SGCN is especially important. Potential collaborators: BLM, NPS, USFS, USFWS, USGS, EMNRD, SLO, universities.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Pollution
Transportation and Service Corridors
Determine life history needs, ecology, distribution, movements, status, and trends of and threats to SGCN (especially invertebrates that are not currently monitored, riparian-obligate species, herpetofauna [Pierce et al. 2016, Olson and Pilliod 2022], and rare native fishes) and their habitats. Consider full annual cycles for migratory species when appropriate and logistically feasible (KFF 2021) and interactions with lower trophic levels that may drive SGCN status (e.g., EPA 2023). Use this information to develop and implement effective monitoring protocols and conservation actions, including actions to mitigate identified threats. Potential collaborators: BLM, BOR, NPS, USFS, USFWS, SLO, universities, non-profit organizations, private industry, species working groups, Tribal natural-resource managers.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Pollution
Transportation and Service Corridors
Determine life history needs, ecology, distribution, movements, status, and trends of and threats to SGCN (especially invertebrates that are not currently monitored, riparian-obligate species, herpetofauna [Pierce et al. 2016, Olson and Pilliod 2022], and rare native fishes) and their habitats. Consider full annual cycles for migratory species when appropriate and logistically feasible (KFF 2021) and interactions with lower trophic levels that may drive SGCN status (e.g., EPA 2023). Use this information to develop and implement effective monitoring protocols and conservation actions, including actions to mitigate identified threats. Potential collaborators: BLM, BOR, NPS, USFS, USFWS, SLO, universities, non-profit organizations, private industry, species working groups, Tribal natural-resource managers.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Pollution
Transportation and Service Corridors
Determine life history needs, ecology, distribution, movements, status, and trends of and threats to SGCN (especially invertebrates that are not currently monitored, riparian-obligate species, herpetofauna [Pierce et al. 2016, Olson and Pilliod 2022], and rare native fishes) and their habitats. Consider full annual cycles for migratory species when appropriate and logistically feasible (KFF 2021) and interactions with lower trophic levels that may drive SGCN status (e.g., EPA 2023). Use this information to develop and implement effective monitoring protocols and conservation actions, including actions to mitigate identified threats. Potential collaborators: BLM, BOR, NPS, USFS, USFWS, SLO, universities, non-profit organizations, private industry, species working groups, Tribal natural-resource managers.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Pollution
Transportation and Service Corridors
Determine life history needs, ecology, distribution, movements, status, and trends of and threats to SGCN (especially invertebrates that are not currently monitored, riparian-obligate species, herpetofauna [Pierce et al. 2016, Olson and Pilliod 2022], and rare native fishes) and their habitats. Consider full annual cycles for migratory species when appropriate and logistically feasible (KFF 2021) and interactions with lower trophic levels that may drive SGCN status (e.g., EPA 2023). Use this information to develop and implement effective monitoring protocols and conservation actions, including actions to mitigate identified threats. Potential collaborators: BLM, BOR, NPS, USFS, USFWS, SLO, universities, non-profit organizations, private industry, species working groups, Tribal natural-resource managers.
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Determine the distribution of all invasive and other problematic species, including feral ungulates (Beever 2003, Beschta et al. 2013, Sedinger et al. 2025), and diseases found in New Mexico, assess related threats to SGCN, and develop and implement strategies to address these threats, including eradicating existing populations of non-native and invasive and other problematic species when appropriate. When removing non-native vegetation, ensure that any SGCN that use this vegetation have suitable alternate habitat present (e.g., Sogge et al. 2013) and that site conditions support the restoration of native plants. If herbicide application cannot be avoided, limit impacts to pollinating insect SGCN by applying to smaller patches within the treatment area (e.g., Black et al. 2011) and spraying before target plants bloom (Hopwood et al. 2015). Potential collaborators: BLM, BOR, DOD, NPS, NRCS, USACE, USFS, USFWS, NMDA, NMED, SLO, universities, non-profit organizations, private landowners.
Transportation and Service Corridors
Determine where roads, vehicle traffic, and utility lines are inhibiting or preventing movement of SGCN, including during migration. Identify and conserve natural habitat corridors, especially those at risk from future fragmentation by roads or utility lines. This may include reconnecting stream and wetland habitats that have been fragmented by roads, culverts, and other man-made structures that isolate and preclude movement of aquatic and semi-aquatic SGCN. Does not include structures that serve a beneficial role for wildlife (e.g., native fish barriers). Re-establish SGCN in areas where extirpated and appropriate. Potential collaborators: BLM, NPS, USFS, NMDOT, universities, non-profit organizations, private landowners, utility companies.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Develop new species recovery plans that consider the current status of and limiting factors for species, as well as projected future conditions for both species and their habitats. Consider full life cycles for migratory species when feasible (e.g., KFF 2021). Potential collaborators: USFWS, non-profit organizations, species working groups.
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Develop strategies to prevent emerging diseases from getting into New Mexico and develop and implement strategies that will inhibit the spread of ones already present (e.g., Clemons et al. 2024). This includes working with land-management agencies to control human access for recreation or other purposes as needed (Reynolds and Barton 2013), educating the public about what they can do to mitigate disease spread (e.g., Olson and Pilliod 2022), implementing appropriate hygiene guidelines for field researchers (e.g., Shapiro et al. 2024), and incorporating principles related to the interconnectedness of humans with local flora, fauna, and the natural environment (i.e., One Health) (AFWA 2023). Potential collaborators: BLM, NPS, USFS, NMED, SLO, universities.
Pollution
Evaluate and mitigate the effects of air pollution from industrial activities, including methane released by flaring associated with oil and gas extraction and leaking from old oil and gas wells, and in urban areas on SGCN and their habitats (e.g., Duque and Dewenter 2024). Evaluate and mitigate the effects of other types of pollution, including excess generation of heat, light, and/or sound from industrial activities, urban areas, and highways on SGCN and their habitats. Potential collaborators: BLM, EMNRD, NMDOT, NMED, energy and mining companies, municipalities, utility companies.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Pollution
Transportation and Service Corridors
Evaluate the effectiveness of public education and outreach efforts regarding threats to SGCN and their habitats and the ways that the public can assist in threat mitigation (KFF 2021). Modify outreach activities as needed in response to evaluation outcomes. Potential collaborators: BLM, BOR, NPS, USACE, USFS, USFWS, USGS, NMED, NMSP, SFD, SLO, universities, local governments, municipalities, non-profit organizations.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Pollution
Transportation and Service Corridors
Evaluate the effectiveness of public education and outreach efforts regarding threats to SGCN and their habitats and the ways that the public can assist in threat mitigation (KFF 2021). Modify outreach activities as needed in response to evaluation outcomes. Potential collaborators: BLM, BOR, NPS, USACE, USFS, USFWS, USGS, NMED, NMSP, SFD, SLO, universities, local governments, municipalities, non-profit organizations.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Pollution
Transportation and Service Corridors
Evaluate the effectiveness of public education and outreach efforts regarding threats to SGCN and their habitats and the ways that the public can assist in threat mitigation (KFF 2021). Modify outreach activities as needed in response to evaluation outcomes. Potential collaborators: BLM, BOR, NPS, USACE, USFS, USFWS, USGS, NMED, NMSP, SFD, SLO, universities, local governments, municipalities, non-profit organizations.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Pollution
Transportation and Service Corridors
Evaluate the effectiveness of public education and outreach efforts regarding threats to SGCN and their habitats and the ways that the public can assist in threat mitigation (KFF 2021). Modify outreach activities as needed in response to evaluation outcomes. Potential collaborators: BLM, BOR, NPS, USACE, USFS, USFWS, USGS, NMED, NMSP, SFD, SLO, universities, local governments, municipalities, non-profit organizations.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Identify and implement actions to mitigate the effects of climate change on SGCN and their habitats. These may include actions that assist in enhancing carbon sequestration in natural environments (e.g., appropriate forest [Mo et al. 2023] and grassland [Bai and Cotrufo 2022] conservation and management [Mo et al. 2023]), improving climate resilience of species and communities (e.g., Dyshko et al. 2024), or climate-smart projects that help maintain, or accommodate for or facilitate climate-related shifts in (e.g., Stanturf et al. 2024, USFWS 2024a), the distribution and natural functioning, including disturbance regimes, of these impacted species and habitats. Potential collaborators: BLM, DOD, NPS, USFS, USFWS, USGS, EMNRD, SLO, universities, Tribal natural-resource managers.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Identify climate change (e.g., Michalak et al. 2020) or disturbance refugia (e.g., Rodman et al. 2023) for SGCN and their habitats and implement conservation actions to conserve, expand, or enhance these refugia. As appropriate, consider refugia when implementing conservation actions (e.g., focus on refugia when planting native plants to encourage reforestation following a fire) (Hennessy et al. 2024). Potential collaborators: BOR, USFS, USGS, universities.
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Identify historic and current SGCN habitats infested with cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum). Work with landowners and land-management agencies to restore these areas to native vegetation. Promote land-management strategies that will inhibit the further spread of cheatgrass. Potential collaborators: BLM, USFS, SLO, private landowners, Tribal natural-resource managers.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Pollution
Transportation and Service Corridors
Identify or develop an accessible, jointly used database to document the status and condition of, threats to, and conservation actions implemented across aquatic, riparian, and upland habitats. Identify data gaps (e.g., Ganey et al. 2017) and implement standardized methods to gather habitat data (e.g., Vollmer et al. 2018, Shirk et al. 2023) and to monitor the success of conservation actions (e.g., Davis and Pinto 2021), including impacts on local SGCN populations. Synthesize existing information (e.g., Jain et al. 2021) and apply modeling techniques to aid in evaluating success when appropriate (e.g., Parks et al. 2018). Adjust future conservation actions as needed based on observed outcomes. Potential collaborators: BLM, BOR, NPS, USACE, USFS, USFWS, USGS, NMED, SFD, SLO, universities.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Pollution
Transportation and Service Corridors
Identify or develop an accessible, jointly used database to document the status and condition of, threats to, and conservation actions implemented across aquatic, riparian, and upland habitats. Identify data gaps (e.g., Ganey et al. 2017) and implement standardized methods to gather habitat data (e.g., Vollmer et al. 2018, Shirk et al. 2023) and to monitor the success of conservation actions (e.g., Davis and Pinto 2021), including impacts on local SGCN populations. Synthesize existing information (e.g., Jain et al. 2021) and apply modeling techniques to aid in evaluating success when appropriate (e.g., Parks et al. 2018). Adjust future conservation actions as needed based on observed outcomes. Potential collaborators: BLM, BOR, NPS, USACE, USFS, USFWS, USGS, NMED, SFD, SLO, universities.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Pollution
Transportation and Service Corridors
Identify or develop an accessible, jointly used database to document the status and condition of, threats to, and conservation actions implemented across aquatic, riparian, and upland habitats. Identify data gaps (e.g., Ganey et al. 2017) and implement standardized methods to gather habitat data (e.g., Vollmer et al. 2018, Shirk et al. 2023) and to monitor the success of conservation actions (e.g., Davis and Pinto 2021), including impacts on local SGCN populations. Synthesize existing information (e.g., Jain et al. 2021) and apply modeling techniques to aid in evaluating success when appropriate (e.g., Parks et al. 2018). Adjust future conservation actions as needed based on observed outcomes. Potential collaborators: BLM, BOR, NPS, USACE, USFS, USFWS, USGS, NMED, SFD, SLO, universities.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Pollution
Transportation and Service Corridors
Identify or develop an accessible, jointly used database to document the status and condition of, threats to, and conservation actions implemented across aquatic, riparian, and upland habitats. Identify data gaps (e.g., Ganey et al. 2017) and implement standardized methods to gather habitat data (e.g., Vollmer et al. 2018, Shirk et al. 2023) and to monitor the success of conservation actions (e.g., Davis and Pinto 2021), including impacts on local SGCN populations. Synthesize existing information (e.g., Jain et al. 2021) and apply modeling techniques to aid in evaluating success when appropriate (e.g., Parks et al. 2018). Adjust future conservation actions as needed based on observed outcomes. Potential collaborators: BLM, BOR, NPS, USACE, USFS, USFWS, USGS, NMED, SFD, SLO, universities.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Inform the public about the potential adverse effects of continued climate change on SGCN and their habitats and encourage development of, and data collection under, citizen and community science projects focused on SGCN and their habitats. Potential collaborators: BOR, USFS, USFWS, USGS, NMSP, SLO, universities, non-profit organizations.
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Investigate and monitor black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) population distribution, density, and abundance (Facka et al. 2008). Evaluate factors influencing the spread of plague (George et al. 2013), the ecological consequences of control efforts (Miller et al. 2007), and the potential for emerging plague vaccine application. Potential collaborators: BLM, DOD, USFWS, SLO, non-profit organizations, private landowners. Ecoregions: HPT, CD
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Monitor SGCN to determine long-term trends that correlate to ecosystem dynamics and habitat changes (e.g., Shirk et al. 2023). If feasible, identify potential limiting factors and develop and implement strategies to mitigate them. Potential collaborators: BLM, BOR, DOD, NPS, USFS, USFWS, SLO, universities, Tribal natural-resource managers.
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Proactively restore native riparian vegetation in areas likely to be most altered by the tamarisk beetle (Diorhabda spp.; i.e., large tamarisk monocultures [Johnson et al. 2018] in river systems where the hydrology has been highly altered). Protect and sustain existing stands of native riparian vegetation that may serve as important refugia in areas currently or likely to be affected by the tamarisk beetle (Paxton et al. 2011, Sogge et al. 2013). Potential collaborators: BLM, BOR, USACE, USFS, NMED, SLO, universities, non-profit organizations, private landowners.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Promote land-management practices, standards, and guidelines to conserve and/or restore structure and function of corridors that provide important habitat for SGCN and ability for animals to move as climate conditions change. This should include both mesic and xeric riparian communities that serve as important migratory corridors for birds and other wildlife while providing ecosystem services and wildlife corridors that link isolated mountain ranges (Powledge 2003) and coniferous forest patches. Potential collaborators: BLM, NPS, USFS, USFWS, SLO, universities, private landowners, Tribal natural-resource managers.
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Restore native riparian plants (e.g., cottonwood and willow [Salix spp.]) and natural riparian ecosystem processes and functions following the removal or biocontrol of tamarisk and other non-native plants. Ensure maintenance of adequate water supply for native plants. At sites with low water availability, restoration of native xeric plants may be more appropriate than hydroriparian and wetland plants. Stage and balance non-native plant removal and native habitat restoration over time, to avoid rapid loss of exotic woody riparian habitats for wildlife until native habitats can be developed (Sogge et al. 2013), and minimize herbicide use. Potential collaborators: BLM, BOR, NPS, USACE, USFS, USFWS, NMED, SLO, universities, non-profit organizations, private landowners, Tribal natural-resource managers.
Transportation and Service Corridors
Site, consolidate, and maintain utility corridors to minimize adverse effects to SGCN and their habitats. Reduce avian powerline collisions by using line markers and illumination with ultraviolet lights and by burying powerlines (Bateman et al. 2023). Avoid mowing rights-of-way during peak SGCN pollinator larvae abundance and avoid mowing patches of nectar resources important for pollinator SGCN (e.g., Xerces Society 2018). Potential collaborators: BLM, DOD, USFS, SLO, interested and affected members of the public, local governments, utility companies.
Pollution
Where appropriate, develop green infrastructure and nature-based solutions (Warnell et al. 2023) in urban areas that catch and slow stormwater runoff to prevent pollution from entering aquatic ecosystems and promote groundwater recharge. Potential collaborators: NMDOT, local governments, municipalities, private landowners.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Transportation and Service Corridors
Where appropriate, incorporate native, pollinator-friendly plants (Glenny et al. 2022) or native plants adapted to projected future climatic conditions at the restoration site (e.g., Meek et al. 2023, Stanturf et al. 2024) into seed mixes and live plantings used in the restoration of lands affected by grazing, fire, resource extraction, energy development, or urban development. Consider reclamation site conditions, genetic diversity, and resilience to local threats when producing seedlings (Davis and Pinto 2021) and consider appropriate climate analogs when identifying appropriate seed sources (e.g., Richardson et al. 2024). When focused on benefiting pollinators, prioritize plants that are attractive to pollinators, especially SGCN; support pollinators throughout the growing season (Glenny et al. 2023); provide food for caterpillars of insect SGCN (e.g., Dumroese et al. 2016); and produce pollen with high nutritional diversity (Vaudo et al. 2024). Potential collaborators: BLM, NPS, NRCS, USFS, SFD, SLO, energy and mining companies, non-profit organizations, private landowners, Tribal natural-resource managers.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Transportation and Service Corridors
Where appropriate, incorporate native, pollinator-friendly plants (Glenny et al. 2022) or native plants adapted to projected future climatic conditions at the restoration site (e.g., Meek et al. 2023, Stanturf et al. 2024) into seed mixes and live plantings used in the restoration of lands affected by grazing, fire, resource extraction, energy development, or urban development. Consider reclamation site conditions, genetic diversity, and resilience to local threats when producing seedlings (Davis and Pinto 2021) and consider appropriate climate analogs when identifying appropriate seed sources (e.g., Richardson et al. 2024). When focused on benefiting pollinators, prioritize plants that are attractive to pollinators, especially SGCN; support pollinators throughout the growing season (Glenny et al. 2023); provide food for caterpillars of insect SGCN (e.g., Dumroese et al. 2016); and produce pollen with high nutritional diversity (Vaudo et al. 2024). Potential collaborators: BLM, NPS, NRCS, USFS, SFD, SLO, energy and mining companies, non-profit organizations, private landowners, Tribal natural-resource managers.
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Where feasible, reestablish native aquatic communities in perennial streams and restored aquatic habitats. Potential collaborators: BLM, BOR, NPS, USACE, USFWS, USFS, NMED, SLO, non-profit organizations, private landowners.
Pollution
Work with appropriate agencies that enforce mining and energy development regulations, Best Management Practices, and safeguards to protect water quality and minimize SGCN mortality associated with mining and energy development. Assess impacts to SGCN and their habitats from industrial activities, including mining and energy development. These impacts may include direct mortality; pollution from produced wastewater (including brine and hydraulic injection fluids), transport of extracted or waste products, or acid mine drainage; noise and light pollution from energy development activities, and sediment runoff from roads. Potential collaborators: BLM, USFS, EMNRD, NMED, SLO, energy and mining companies, local governments.
Transportation and Service Corridors
Work with appropriate agencies to develop and enforce road-management plans (Crist et al. 2005). Potential collaborators: BLM, USFS.
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes, and Diseases
Work with appropriate agencies to enforce regulations to prevent the introduction and spread of non-native species. Potential collaborators: USFWS, NMDA.
Transportation and Service Corridors
Work with collaborators to complete mitigation measures that will increase the probability of safe passage across roads and near utility lines for affected SGCN. These include modifying barrier fences along roadways, constructing road crossings, placing warning signs for motorists, marking utility lines so they can be readily seen by birds, and placing safeguards that will reduce the probability of electrocution. Integrate benefits to SGCN in projects primarily designed and implemented to enhance safe passage for large mammals (e.g., projects implemented under the Wildlife Corridors Action Plan) (Cramer et al. 2022). Monitor the efficacy of mitigation measures and initiate any identified maintenance and improvements. Potential collaborators: BLM, DOD, USFS, NMDOT, SLO, private landowners, utility companies, Tribal natural-resource managers.
